Biochemical markers and anthropometric profile of children enrolled in public daycare centers

Abstract Objective: The nutritional status resultant from dietary habits along with socioeconomic conditions and the school environment are directly related to the individual's health condition not only in their childhood but also throughout adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of socioeconomic factors on the anthropometric profile and to analyze a probable association between this profile and biochemical markers in children attending public daycare centers. Methods: It is a transversal study developed in a probability sample of clusters of children from 6 months to 5 years old. Anthropometric and socioeconomic data were gathered at the CMEIs, questionnaires on the nutritional status were applied and blood was collected at the Family Health Units (USFs). Results: Female children are three times more likely to be underweight; in families with five members, it is 1/3 more likely that children of higher-educated parents are overweight. Among the results of the biochemical tests, hypervitaminosis A was a relevant aspect, positively correlating with copper (p=0.005) and zinc (p=0.008). Conclusion: Therefore, since the influence of the family is an important predictor of overweight and its future outcomes related to nutritional deficiencies and inadequate dietary intake, educational interventions are vital as a way to pave the path to prevention.

Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. on the healing of skin wounds in rats with Diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. in the tissue repair process of skin lesions in rats with induced Diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Sixty-three male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: control (C), diabetic (D), and diabetic treated with an oil-in-water emulsion of the plant (DPL) subdivided according to time of observation (seven, 14, and 28 days). Diabetes was induced by administration of by injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, after a 12-h fast) into the penile vein and confirmed by glucose levels exceeding 240 mg/dL. Held surgical lesion (2.5 cm in diameter) on the back of the animals. The DPL received topical application of group of the oil-in-water emulsion plant (0.5ml). To evaluate the levels of nitric oxide, was collected 5ml of blood from the abdominal aorta, after his euthanasia. The samples of interest were sent for routine histological processing. RESULTS:A reduction in the percentage of inflammatory cells and increased numbers of fibroblasts in the group DPL, seven days, compared to the other groups. At 14 days, the DPL group also showed a higher concentration of nitric oxide (p<0.01) than in groups C and D. CONCLUSION: The oil-in-water emulsion of C. macrophyllum Tul accelerated wound healing in diabetic rats.

Utilização da microespectroscopia infravermelha (FT-IR) para teste de algoritmos estatísticos na diferenciação dos micro-organismos Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis e Candida parapsilosis / Using FT-IR microspectroscopy for testing statistical algorithms for differentiation of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida parapsilosis

As espécies do gênero Candida são causadoras de diversas infecções fúngicas e, nos últimos anos, tem sido desenvolvidas novas tecnologias para auxiliar nos diagnósticos microbiológicos. Dentre as técnicas está a espectroscopia infravermelha junto com a análise estatística multivariada. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar dois métodos: estatístico (análise multivariada) e não-estatístico (ajuste de curva), utilizando os espectros infravermelhos de Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis e Candida parapsilosis para testar o potencial do uso de Análise Estatística Multivariada para discriminação de espectros de micro-organismos. Para isso foram obtidos, utilizando o Spectrum Spotlight 400 da PerkinElmer, 54 espectros infravermelhos, sendo 18 de cada espécie, na faixa de 4000 a 1000 cm-1, com resolução de 4 cm-1, no modo de transmissão, a 20 ºC. A análise dos espectros foi realizada através de três métodos: (1) inspeção visual direta dos espectros; (2) análise estatística multivariada; (3) ajuste de curva para a determinação de estruturas secundárias de proteínas. Na região de 1200 a 1000 cm-1, os espectros apresentam diferenças que podem ser percebidas numa inspeção visual direta. Uma banda próxima de 1070 cm-1 e outra próxima de 1045 cm-1 apresentam intensidades relativas diferentes para os três espectros. Por outro lado, as bandas da amida I, na região de 1710 a 1590 cm-1, apresentam aspectos visuais semelhantes com máximo em 1651 cm-1 para os espectros dos três micro-organismos. Esse fato torna possível submeter a análise estatística multivariada a um teste de sua capacidade de diferenciar três espectros de Candida. A análise estatística multivariada foi aplicada aos 54 espectros para investigar as regiões de 4000 a 1000 cm-1 com exceção da região de 2600 a 2300 cm-1 e de 1710 a 1590 cm-1 que corresponde a das bandas da amida I. A técnica selecionada foi a análise por componentes principais (PCA, Principal Componente Analysis), utilizando os primeiros quatro componentes principais, em conjunto com a técnica hierárquica de análise de agrupamento (HCA, Hierarchical Clustering Analysis) segundo o método de Ward. Foi utilizado para esta análise o software MINITAB 15 e o resultado mostra uma clara discriminação dos espectros dos três micro-organismos nas duas regiões consideradas. Adicionalmente foi obtido o espectro médio de cada micro-organismo nas bandas da amida I na região de 1710 a 1590 cm-1. Os três espectros médios assim obtidos foram analisados pelo método de ajuste de curva que não é estatístico para determinar as estruturas secundárias de proteínas. Para esta análise o software ORIGIN 7.5 foi utilizado e os resultados obtidos mostram estruturas conformacionais diferentes nos três micro-organismos. Esses resultados confirmam a discriminação obtida através da análise estatística multivariada e visual. Pode-se concluir que as análises estatísticas multivariadas baseadas em análise por componentes principais e análise de agrupamento com uso do algoritmo Ward é potencialmente útil para discriminar micro-organismos através de seus espectros infravermelhos. Além disso, as análises mostram que as bandas da amida I dos espectros infravermelhos de Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis e Candida parapsilosis fornecem um conjunto de dados cuja estrutura de agrupamento é conhecida e que pode ser útil para testar e validar algoritmos estatísticos de análise de agrupamento.

Films of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida parapsilosis were prepared and the infrared spectra of these films were obtained in the region 4000 to 1000 cm-1, with resolution of 4 cm-1, in the transmission mode, at 20 ºC. Fifty four spectra were obtained, 18 of each microorganism, with the PerkinElmer Spotlight 400 FT-IR, which has a microscope attached to a FT-IR spectrophotometer. The spectra were analyzed through three methods: (1) mere visual inspection; (2) multivariate statistical analysis; (3) curve-fitting for determining secondary structures of proteins. In the region 1200 to 1000 cm-1, the spectral bands show differences that can be seen by a mere visual inspection. On the other hand, the amide I bands, in the region 1710 to 1590 cm-1, have the same visual aspect for the three microorganisms. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to analyze these amide I bands of all the 54 spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA) and techniques of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA, Hierarchical Clustering Analysis) according to Ward's method were applied using the software MINITAB 15. The results show a clear discrimination of the three microorganisms. The average spectrum of each microorganism was obtained in the amide I band. Each average spectrum was analyzed by curve-fitting for the determination of secondary structures of proteins. The software used was the ORIGIN 7.5 and the results confirm the discrimination obtained through multivariate statistical analysis. This result shows that multivariate statistical analysis can be useful to discriminate infrared spectra of different microorganisms. Furthermore, this work shows that the amide I bands of the infrared spectra of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis provide a set of data of known group structure that can be useful to test statistical algorithms of cluster analysis.

Estudo da infecção e morbidade da doença de Chagas no municÝpio de João Costa: Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, Piauí, Brasil / Study of the infection and morbidity of Chagas' disease in municipality of JoÒo Costa: National Park Serra da Capivara, Piauí, Brazil

In order to investigate aspects of the infection and morbidity of Chagas' disease in the municipality of JoÒo Costa, PiauÝ State, Brazil, we carried out a serological survey to detect anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 2,080 individuals, by indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination and ELISA. A total of 189 seropositive and 141 seronegative patients were evaluated by anamnesis, physical exam and electrocardiogram (EKG). The parasitaemia of 106 chagasic patients was evaluated by indirect xenodiagnosis and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The total seropositivity was 9.8, with intervals of 0.5 in patients younger than 10 years old, and 39.4 among patients older than 59 years old, independently of the sex. The PCR and xenodiagnosis were positive, respectively in 74.5 and 15.1 of the seropositive patients (p < 0.05). The rate of abnormal EKG was 41.3 in chagasic and 15.6 in non-chagasic patients (p < 0.05). In spite of the high prevalence of infection in the investigated population, the low rate of seropositivity among children is indicative of a possible decrease of the active transmission mediated by triatomines. The high proportion of the chagasic component on the cardiopathy prevalence is indicative of the high morbidity of Chagas' disease in the studied region.

Parasite persistence in treated chagasic patients revealed by xenodiagnosis and polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was compared with xenodiagnosis performed 20 years after trypanocidal chemotherapy to investigate parasite clearance. Eighty-five seropositive individuals for Chagas disease presenting a positive xenodiagnosis were treated with specific drugs; 37 in the acute phase and 48 in the chronic phase. Fifteen chronic assymptomatic patients received a placebo. Treatment in the acute phase led to PCR negative results in 73 percent of the cases, while xenodiagnosis was negative in 86 percent. In the chronic phase, PCR was negative in 65 percent of the patients and 83 percent led to xenodiagnosis negative results. Regarding the untreated group (placebo), 73 percent gave negative results by xenodiagnosis, of which 36 percent were positive by PCR. Individuals that were considered seronegative (n=10), presented unequivocally negative results in the PCR demonstrating the elimination of parasite DNA. Seventeen individuals had their antibodies titers decreased to such a level that the final results were considered as doubtful and 16 of them presented negative PCR. The molecular method represents a clear advantage over conventional techniques to demonstrate persistent infections in Chagas disease patients that underwent chemotherapy